1. How was Europe affected by the rise of the Ottoman Turkish Empire in the years after
1450? These effects can be political, social, or cultural. You should discuss at least two
effects.
2. How did the Protestant Reformation, and the Catholic Reformation (also known as the
Counter-Reformation) impact upon European politics and intellectual life in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries? You should use at least two specific countries or conflicts as
examples.
