One of the most important aspects of the rise of big business was the growing integration of large manufacturing firms. “Old School” business historians like Matthew Josephson differ sharply from “New (Chandlerian) School” business historians(like Glenn Porter and Alfred Chandler) in how they explain the growth of big business in late nineteenth-century America.
Define what is meant by the vertical integration and horizontal integration of business. How do “Old School” historians explain why and how people like Carnegie and Rockefeller vertically and horizontally integrated their businesses during the late nineteenth century? How do the “New (Chandlerian) School” historians explain this?