Topic: LEUKEMIA
BIOLOGY 22 – PHYSIOLOGY
FORMAT FOR CLASS PAPERS
FORMAT:
PAGE 1: Title, your name, date
SUBSEQUENT PAGES: Main Text -~ 2000 words of text maximum (not counting citations of references – see below) you don’t have to go to 2000 words and can be over.
REGARDING THE ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OF YOUR PAPER:
Begin with a definition of the disorder and a brief commentary about its salient characteristics. Then describe the history of the recognition of the disorder to the present day, starting with the earliest references, and note briefly the evolution in our understanding of the disorder. * The focus should be on the clinical and physiological aspects of the disorder. Also, include data or discussion on frequency, racial, ethnic, and geographic variation, possible explanations for population frequency, and public health implications. Specific sections might thus be labeled: introduction, history, genetics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management and treatment (if any), pathogenesis* (i.e. relationship of the molecular defect to the clinical manifestations), special clinical issues, public health implications (e.g. screening). Add and/or replace with other sections as appropriate. The order should be whatever works best for your topic, after the introduction and history.
AT END: Annotated bibliography is required**
STYLE:
Do not single space but double or triple space. Cite references in main text in parentheses, as for example “(Smith, 1968)”, “(Smith & Jones, 1968)”, or (if three or more authors) “(Smith et al., 1968)” note the edition you use, these vary. (Don’t put in the quotation marks, however!). Put such citations on the same lines as the main text. See below for citation style in the Bibliography. If you cite two different articles by Smith et al., in, say, 1989, cite one as 1989a, the other as 1989b, and distinguish as such in the references. A number format may also be used for text citations.
Be sure to paginate. *Use headers to organize the topics.
Everyone writes differently. I suggest one strategy if you are having difficulty expressing precisely what you mean. After writing your first draft, go back and rewrite in simple English. Subject, verb, object; subject, verb, object; etc. Use as few adjectives and adverbs as necessary. Try to avoid the passive tense and drawn-out phrases. I admit sometimes the passive tense is unavoidable. (Notice I just used it. But I could have said, “Sometimes one must use the passive tense.”) Don’t worry about a string of short simple sentences. Use unambiguously words such as “which”, “that”, “this”, “they”, or “it”. Make sure they denote clearly your intended reference. These are suggestions only. But they may help if you find you are having trouble expressing complex ideas. Break up compound or complicated sentences. Use connecting words or phrases, e.g. “One might think that A explains B”.
**CITATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY:
For each fact or consecutive series of facts in one paragraph in the main text, cite a reference. (This does not apply to the abstract or summary.) Thus the end of each paragraph at least must end with a reference. The only exception would occur if you are presenting your own opinion or synthesis of the data. If you quote a phrase from someone else, be sure to put this in quotation marks and give the source. Be sure you do not leave any ambiguity as to where a reader could go to check a particular fact you present. The bibliography should include all of these references and any additional material you consulted or used that would be of value to anyone following up on your report. You should also put here any material of interest and relevance that would be too long to include in the main text. Each reference in the bibliography should be followed by commentary as to nature of the content, value of the material, etc. There is no limit upon the number of references here or upon your commentary. If anything here, err on the side of too many references in the annotated bibliography. Beware of using review articles only. They can sometimes mislead you, and you should check primary articles in any event. Also, of course, check for recent references published after the latest general reviews. If you find in Smith, 1989 a citation to Jones, 1922 which you do not read yourself, cite this in the text as “Jones, 1922 cited by Smith, 1989.” Give both references in bibliography. After giving the Jones, 1922 reference in bibliography, citing as much as Smith gives, write “(cited by Smith, 1989…)” and give complete citation of Smith too. Smith, after all, might have misread Jones and/or gotten the citation wrong. But best of all read Jones, 1922 yourself. Smith might have also misread Jones. Also cite Smith in the appropriate place in the bibliography. This is slightly redundant. But it will help readers track down your references.
MARKING OF PAPERS:
There will be two types of comments in the margins of your papers when you get them back. Marginal comments reflect stylistic, grammatical, and spelling errors, all of which do not affect the grade assigned. Corrections will reflect substantive errors, however minor, which affect the grade, although sometimes by just a small amount.
The references don’t affect the word count. Please do your own word counts on the text (ignoring references in the text, summary and bibliography). These are suggested.
Please use some of latest editions of all works cited. You should also include at least 5 journal references**. Your citations should match your references.
For the final draft, students will submit a hard copy no later than the due date of the class.
TO RECAPITULATE A FEW KEY POINTS:
1. Always quest for more knowledge
2. Get facts straight
3. Use language correctly and precisely
4. Simple sentences are better than complex ones
5. Always cite unambiguously a source where your reader can check cited facts and theories.
6. Indicate if you do not understand or see the relevance of a cited fact or theory.
CONTENT:
Direct the paper at, say, a physician with no knowledge of the disease or disorder. Use only third person.
Sometimes a table or two provides a succinct method of summarizing a lot of complex information. Tables are excluded from the word count. Don’t go over four tables. Organize your paper using headings.
ABSTRACT&SUMMARY/CONCLUSION**:
Writing these first may help you organize the rest of the paper. The main thrust of your effort, however, should go into the bibliography and main text. Include an abstract at the start and a conclusion of your paper’s findings. These are required **.
COPY:
Submit 1 copy of the entire paper for you and a separate additional copy for saving if you want one back . Each student is responsible for saving another copy of the entire paper including bibliography in case the original should be misplaced. One final copy will be retained.
REFERENCE STYLE IN THE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:
The style used by a current APA should be followed. Please check one issue. In APA, list references in alphabetical order by last name of senior author. For example: List all authors (up to 10, say, after that just write et al.) Put in last name and initials only of each author. Put in the year of publication in parentheses after the names of all authors. Give the full title of the paper and the journal in which it appeared, and full pagination. Make certain that you have minimum 5 peer-reviewed journal articles*.
If the item is a chapter in a book, list also the title of the book and the editors. Again, check the APA, or example for style, if you have any queries. Try to use the 5th or 6th edition of APA.
Papers and bibliography are due on the day indicated-no exceptions. These are hard copies. You can hand the paper in early.
** There are no revisions. It is recommended to hand in a draft of the paper at least 2 weeks in advance of the due date.
** This is a Science/Medical review paper assignment of researched information. It needs complete referencing with citations at the end of each section of information and at least at the end of each paragraph. If you decide to comment be sure that you make it clear that it is your summary of the information after it has been referenced. You do not need to comment. The paper needs a complete annotated bibliography. Without these the grade is 0. You must give credit to the source of the information. You may show the instructor your draft at least 2 weeks prior to the Due Date.
BIOLOGY 22 – PHYSIOLOGY FORMAT FOR CLASS PAPERS
FORMAT: PAGE 1: Title, your name, date SUBSEQUENT PAGES: Main Text -~ 2000 words of text maximum (not counting citations of references – see below) you don’t have to go to 2000 words and can be over. REGARDING THE ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OF YOUR PAPER: Begin with a definition of the disorder and a brief commentary about its salient characteristics. Then describe the history of the recognition of the disorder to the present day, starting with the earliest references, and note briefly the evolution in our understanding of the disorder. ** The focus should be on the clinical and physiological aspects of the disorder/pathogenesis. Also, include data or discussion on frequency, racial, ethnic, and geographic variation, possible explanations for population frequency, and public health implications. Specific sections might thus be labeled: introduction, history, genetics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management and treatment (if any), pathogenesis* (i.e. relationship of the molecular defect to the clinical manifestations), special clinical issues, public health implications (e.g. screening). Add and/or replace with other sections as appropriate. The order should be whatever works best for your topic, after the introduction and history. AT END: Annotated bibliography is required** STYLE: Do not single space but double or triple space. Cite references in main text in parentheses, as for example “(Smith, 1968)”, “(Smith & Jones, 1968)”, or (if three or more authors) “(Smith et al., 1968)” note the edition you use, these vary. (Don’t put in the quotation marks, however!). Put such citations on the same lines as the main text. See below for citation style in the Bibliography. If you cite two different articles by Smith et al., in, say, 1989, cite one as 1989a, the other as 1989b, and distinguish as such in the references. A number format may also be used for text citations. Be sure to paginate. *Use headers to organize the topics. Everyone writes differently. I suggest one strategy if you are having difficulty expressing precisely what you mean. After writing your first draft, go back and rewrite in simple English. Subject, verb, object; subject, verb, object; etc. Use as few adjectives and adverbs as necessary. Try to avoid the passive tense and drawn-out phrases. I admit sometimes the passive tense is unavoidable. (Notice I just used it. But I could have said, “Sometimes one must use the passive tense.”) Don’t worry about a string of short simple sentences. Use unambiguously words such as “which”, “that”, “this”, “they”, or “it”. Make sure they denote clearly your intended reference. These are suggestions only. But they may help if you find you are having trouble expressing complex ideas. Break up compound or complicated sentences. Use connecting words or phrases, e.g. “One might think that A explains B. But in fact …”etc. DO NO QUOTE! **CITATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY: For each fact or consecutive series of facts in one paragraph in the main text, cite a reference. (This does not apply to the abstract or summary.) **Thus the end of each paragraph at least must end with a reference. The only exception would occur if you are presenting your own opinion or synthesis of the data. If you quote a phrase from someone else, be sure to put this in quotation marks and give the source. Be sure you do not leave any ambiguity as to where a reader could go to check a particular fact you present. The bibliography should include all of these references and any additional material you consulted or used that would be of value to anyone following up on your report. You should also put here any material of interest and relevance that would be too long to include in the main text. Each reference in the bibliography should be followed by commentary as to nature of the content, value of the material, etc. There is no limit upon the number of references here or upon your commentary. If anything here, err on the side of too many references in the annotated bibliography. Beware of using review articles only. They can sometimes mislead you, and you should check primary articles in any event. Also, of course, check for recent references published after the latest general reviews. If you find in Smith, 1989 a citation to Jones, 1922 which you do not read yourself, cite this in the text as “Jones, 1922 cited by Smith, 1989.” Give both references in bibliography. After giving the Jones, 1922 reference in bibliography, citing as much as Smith gives, write “(cited by Smith, 1989…)” and give complete citation of Smith too. Smith, after all, might have misread Jones and/or gotten the citation wrong. But best of all read Jones, 1922 yourself. Smith might have also misread Jones. Also cite Smith in the appropriate place in the bibliography. This is slightly redundant. But it will help readers track down your references. MARKING OF PAPERS: There will be two types of comments in the margins of your papers when you get them back. Marginal comments reflect stylistic, grammatical, and spelling errors, all of which do not affect the grade assigned. Corrections will reflect substantive errors, however minor, which affect the grade, although sometimes by just a small amount. The references don’t affect the word count. Please do your own word counts on the text (ignoring references in the text, summary and bibliography). These are suggested. Please use some of latest editions of all works cited. You should also include at least 5 journal references**. Your citations should match your references. For the final draft, students will submit a hard copy no later than the due date of the class. TO RECAPITULATE A FEW KEY POINTS: 1) Always quest for more knowledge 2) Get facts straight 3) Use language correctly and precisely 4) Simple sentences are better than complex ones 5) Always cite unambiguously a source where your reader can check cited facts and theories. 6) Indicate if you do not understand or see the relevance of a cited fact or theory. CONTENT: Direct the paper at, say, a physician with no knowledge of the disease or disorder. Use only third person. Sometimes a table or two provides a succinct method of summarizing a lot of complex information. Tables are excluded from the word count. Don’t go over four tables. Organize your paper using headings. ABSTRACT&SUMMARY/CONCLUSION**: Writing these first may help you organize the rest of the paper. The main thrust of your effort, however, should go into the bibliography and main text. Include an abstract at the start and a conclusion of your paper’s findings. These are required **. COPY: Submit 1 copy of the entire paper for you and a separate additional copy for saving . Each student is responsible for saving another copy of the entire paper including bibliography in case the original should be misplaced. One final copy will be retained. REFERENCE STYLE IN THE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY: The style used by a current APA should be followed. Please check one issue. In APA, list references in alphabetical order by last name of senior author. For example: List all authors (up to 10, say, after that just write et al.) Put in last name and initials only of each author. Put in the year of publication in parentheses after the names of all authors. Give the full title of the paper and the journal in which it appeared, and full pagination. Make certain that you have minimum 5 peer-reviewed journal articles*. If the item is a chapter in a book, list also the title of the book and the editors. Again, check the APA, or example for style, if you have any queries. Try to use the fifth, sixth or seventh edition of APA. Papers and bibliography are due on the day indicated-no exceptions. These are hard copies. You can hand the paper in early.
** There are no revisions. It is recommended to hand in a draft of the paper at least 2 weeks in advance of the due date.
Be sure to check the examples on BB. The Citations and Bibliography must correspond to science/ medical format. Citations need to be complete at the end of each paragraph except the abstract and conclusion.